Ported to Linux and Cygwin December 2022 after many efforts since 1995 Wilder_Life By Dennis J. Darland dennis.darland@hotmail.com Wilder_Life Added for Dennis J. Darland's Philosophy April 2023 *** Yes *** Yes *** Yes *** Yes > *** Yes > > %% This file is part of darland's philosophy. > > %% darland's philosophy is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify > %% it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by > %% the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or > %% (at your option) any later version. > > %% darland's philosophy is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, > %% but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of > %% MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the > %% GNU General Public License for more details. > > %% You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License > %% along with darland's philosophy. If not, see . > %% This file only checks rules (relating to propositions). > > trace_input(true)? *** Yes > > %% This file uses queries to illustrate my points about belief > > %% This is an example with a mini universe for queries of high complexity. > > %% I use an example from Quine's Word & Object. (pp.144-151). > > %% The Story of Cicero and Catiline is given > %% in _Caesar and Christ_, by Will Durant, pp. 140-147. > > %% "Tully" is not in the index of that work (or "De Senectute"). > > %% Wikipedia gives the full name as "Marcus Tullius Cicero" > %% and notes "The name is infrequently anglicized as Tully." > %% It also does not mention "De Senectute". > > %% "De Senectute" is in Wikipedia under "Writings of Cicero" > > %% Tom believes that Cicero denounced Catiline. > %% Tom does not know Cicero = Tully. > > %% In my philosophy, for Tom at that time, > %% "Cicero" R Toms_idea_of_Cicero > %% and > %% Toms_idea_of_Cicero S Cicero > %% > %% > %% but not > %% "Cicero" R Toms_idea_of_Tully > %% > %% > %% For reasons I will not get into presently, I use only one predicate > %% Q for instantiation of a universal. In programs it is qqqq > %% In my program the relation R is represented by the universal rrrr > %% qqqq(rrrr,Subject, Time, Type, Word, Idea) > %% In my program the relation S is represented by the universal ssss > %% qqqq(ssss,Subject, Time, Type, Idea, Object) > > %% R | S is represented by rrss > > write_time(Ignore)? Time Skipped for Test Suite *** Yes Ignore = @. --1> *** No > %% I indicate for each query whether the immediate response should be > %% TRUE = Yes or FALSE = No > > %% There may be subsequient No responses - as I may have asked for additional answers with semicolons. > > %% There are 7 relations of both understanding and belief. > %% Those of understanding are defined in terms of rrrr and ssss > %% Those of belief require also a belief_in_ideas relation. > > %% The 7 cases are: > > %% words > %% ideas > %% objects > > %% words_ideas > %% words_objects > %% ideas_objects > > %% words_ideas_objects > > > %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% > %%% UNDERSTANDING > %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% > > %% Checks on Understanding follow. > > %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% > %% WORDS > %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% > > %% Next should be TRUE > > > understands_words( tom, now, | [[denounced_word], | [cicero_word], | [catiline_word]])? *** Yes --1> *** No > %% Next should be TRUE > > > understands_words( tom, now, | [[denounced_word], | [santa_word], | [catiline_word]])? *** Yes --1> *** No > %% Next should be TRUE > > > understands_words( tom, now, | [[roman_word], %% roman is plural | [catiline_word]])? *** Yes --1> *** No > %% Next should be TRUE > > > understands_words( tom, now, | [[denounced_word], | [tully_word], | [catiline_word]])? *** Yes --1> *** No > %% Next should be FALSE -- wrong type > > > understands_words( tom, now, | [[tully_word], | [tully_word], | [catiline_word]])? *** No > > %% Next should be FALSE -- wrong type > > > understands_words( tom, now, | [[denounced_word], | [tully_word], | [denounced_word]])? *** No > > %% Next should be FALSE -- wrong arity > > > understands_words( tom, now, | [[denounced_word], | [cicero_word]])? *** No > > %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% > %% IDEAS > %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% > > %% Next should be TRUE > > > understands_ideas( tom, now, | [[tom_roman_idea], | [tom_catiline_idea]])? *** Yes --1> *** No > %% Next should be TRUE > > > understands_ideas( tom, now, | [[tom_mortal_idea], | [tom_roman_class_idea]])? *** Yes --1> *** No > %% Next should be TRUE > > > understands_ideas( tom, now, | [[tom_denounced_idea], | [tom_cicero_idea], | [tom_catiline_idea]])? *** Yes --1> *** No > %% Next should be TRUE > > > understands_ideas( tom, now, | [[tom_denounced_idea], | [tom_santa_idea], | [tom_catiline_idea]])? *** Yes --1> *** No > %% Next should be TRUE > > > understands_ideas( tom, now, | [[tom_denounced_idea], | [tom_tully_idea], | [tom_catiline_idea]])? *** Yes --1> *** No > %% Next should be FALSE -- wrong type > > > understands_ideas( tom, now, | [[tom_tully_idea], | [tom_tully_idea], | [tom_catiline_idea]])? *** No > > %% Next should be FALSE -- wrong type > > > understands_ideas( tom, now, | [[tom_denounced_idea], | [tom_tully_idea], | [tom_denounced_idea]])? *** No > > %% Next should be FALSE -- wrong arity > > > understands_ideas( tom, now, | [[tom_denounced_idea], | [tom_cicero_idea]])? *** No > > %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% > %% OBJECTS > %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% > > %% Next should be TRUE > > > understands_objects( tom, now, | [[denounced], | [cicero], | [catiline]])? *** Yes --1> *** No > %% Next should be FALSE > > > understands_objects( tom, now, | [[denounced], | [santa], | [catiline]])? *** No > > %% Next should be TRUE > > > understands_objects( tom, now, | [[roman], | [catiline]])? *** Yes --1> *** No > %% Next should be FALSE -- there is no (separate) object tully > > > understands_objects( tom, now, | [[denounced], | [tully], | [catiline]])? *** No > > %% Next should be FALSE -- wrong type > > > understands_objects( tom, now, | [[cicero], | [cicero], | [catiline]])? *** No > > %% Next should be FALSE -- wrong type > > > understands_objects( tom, now, | [[denounced], | [cicero], | [denounced]])? *** No > > %% Next should be FALSE -- wrong arity > > > understands_objects( tom, now, | [[denounced], | [cicero]])? *** No > > %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% > %% WORDS_IDEAS > %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% > > %% Next should be TRUE > > > understands_words_ideas( tom, now, | [[roman_word, tom_roman_idea], | [catiline_word, tom_catiline_idea]])? *** Yes --1> *** No > %% Next should be TRUE > > > understands_words_ideas( tom, now, | [[denounced_word, tom_denounced_idea], | [santa_word, tom_santa_idea], | [catiline_word, tom_catiline_idea]])? *** Yes --1> *** No > %% Next should be TRUE > > > understands_words_ideas( tom, now, | [[denounced_word, tom_denounced_idea], | [cicero_word, tom_cicero_idea], | [catiline_word, tom_catiline_idea]])? *** Yes --1> *** No > %% Next should be TRUE > > > understands_words_ideas( tom, now, | [[denounced_word, tom_denounced_idea], | [santa_word, tom_santa_idea], | [catiline_word, tom_catiline_idea]])? *** Yes --1> *** No > %% Next should be TRUE > > > understands_words_ideas( tom, now, | [[denounced_word, tom_denounced_idea], | [tully_word, tom_tully_idea], | [catiline_word, tom_catiline_idea]])? *** Yes --1> *** No > %% Next should be FALSE -- wrong type > > > understands_words_ideas( tom, now, | [[cicero_word, tom_cicero_idea], | [cicero_word, tom_cicero_idea], | [catiline_word, tom_catiline_idea]])? *** No > > %% Next should be FALSE -- wrong type > > > understands_words_ideas( tom, now, | [[denounced_word, tom_denounced_idea], | [cicero_word, tom_cicero_word], | [denounced_word, tom_denounced_idea]])? *** No > > %% Next should be FALSE -- wrong arity > > > understands_words_ideas( tom, now, | [[denounced_word, tom_denounced_idea], | [cicero_word, tom_cicero_idea]])? *** No > > %% Next should be FALSE -- wrong rrrr relation for tully_word > > > understands_words_ideas( tom, now, | [[denounced_word, tom_denounced_idea], | [tully_word, tom_cicero_idea], | [catiline_word, tom_catiline_idea]])? *** No > > %% Next should be FALSE -- wrong rrrr relation for cicero_word > > > understands_words_ideas( tom, now, | [[denounced_word, tom_denounced_idea], | [cicero_word, tom_tully_idea], | [catiline_word, tom_catiline_idea]])? *** No > > %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% > %% WORDS_OBJECTS > %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% > > %% Next should be TRUE > > > understands_words_objects( tom, now, | [[denounced_word, denounced], | [cicero_word, cicero], | [catiline_word, catiline]])? *** Yes --1> *** No > %% Next should be FALSE > > > understands_words_objects( tom, now, | [[denounced_word, denounced], | [santa_word, santa], | [catiline_word, catiline]])? *** No > > %% Next should be TRUE > > > understands_words_objects( tom, now, | [[roman_word, roman], | [catiline_word, catiline]])? *** Yes --1> *** No > %% Next should be TRUE - NOTE: tully_word R | S cicero > > > understands_words_objects( tom, now, | [[denounced_word, denounced], | [tully_word, cicero], | [catiline_word, catiline]])? *** Yes --1> *** No > %% Next should be FALSE -- wrong type > > > understands_words_objects( tom, now, | [[tully_word, tully], | [tully_word, tully], | [catiline_word, catiline]])? *** No > > %% Next should be FALSE -- wrong type > > > understands_words_objects( tom, now, | [[denounced_word, denounced], | [cicero_word, cicero], | [denounced_word, denounced]])? *** No > > %% Next should be FALSE -- wrong arity > > > understands_words_objects( tom, now, | [[denounced_word, denounced], | [cicero_word, cicero]])? *** No > > %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% > %% IDEAS_OBJECTS > %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% > > %% Next should be TRUE > > > understands_ideas_objects( tom, now, | [[tom_denounced_idea, denounced], | [tom_cicero_idea, cicero], | [tom_catiline_idea, catiline]])? *** Yes --1> *** No > %% Next should be FALSE > > > understands_ideas_objects( tom, now, | [[tom_denounced_idea, denounced], | [tom_santa_idea, santa], | [tom_catiline_idea, catiline]])? *** No > > %% Next should be TRUE > > > understands_ideas_objects( tom, now, | [[tom_roman_idea, roman], | [tom_catiline_idea, catiline]])? *** Yes --1> *** No > %% Next should be TRUE : NOTE tom_tully_idea S cicero > > > understands_ideas_objects( tom, now, | [[tom_denounced_idea, denounced], | [tom_tully_idea, cicero], | [tom_catiline_idea, catiline]])? *** Yes --1> *** No > %% Next should be FALSE -- wrong type > > > understands_ideas_objects( tom, now, | [[tom_cicero_idea, cicero], | [tom_cicero_idea, cicero], | [tom_catiline_idea, catiline]])? *** No > > %% Next should be FALSE -- wrong type > > > understands_ideas_objects( tom, now, | [[tom_denounced_idea, denounced], | [tom_cicero_idea, cicero], | [tom_denounced_idea, denounced]])? *** No > > %% Next should be FALSE -- wrong arity > > > understands_ideas_objects( tom, now, | [[tom_denounced_idea, denounced], | [tom_cicero_idea, cicero]])? *** No > > %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% > %% WORDS_IDEAS_OBJECTS > %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% > > %% Next should be TRUE > > > understands_words_ideas_objects( tom, now, | [[denounced_word, tom_denounced_idea, denounced], | [cicero_word, tom_cicero_idea, cicero], | [catiline_word, tom_catiline_idea, catiline]])? *** Yes --1> *** No > %% Next should be FALSE > > > understands_words_ideas_objects( tom, now, | [[denounced_word, tom_denounced_idea, denounced], | [santa_word, tom_santa_idea, santa], | [catiline_word, tom_catiline_idea, catiline]])? *** No > > %% Next should be TRUE > > > understands_words_ideas_objects( tom, now, | [[roman_word, tom_roman_idea, roman], | [catiline_word, tom_catiline_idea, catiline]])? *** Yes --1> *** No > %% Next should be TRUE > > > understands_words_ideas_objects( tom, now, | [[denounced_word, tom_denounced_idea, denounced], | [tully_word, tom_tully_idea, cicero], | [catiline_word, tom_catiline_idea, catiline]])? *** Yes --1> *** No > %% Next should be FALSE -- wrong type > > > understands_words_ideas_objects( tom, now, | [[cicero_word, tom_cicero_idea, cicero], | [cicero_word, tom_cicero_idea, cicero], | [catiline_word, tom_catiline_idea, catiline]])? *** No > > %% Next should be FALSE -- wrong type > > > understands_words_ideas_objects( tom, now, | [[denounced_word, tom_denounced_idea, denounced], | [cicero_word, tom_cicero_word, cicero], | [denounced_word, tom_denounced_idea, denounced]])? *** No > > %% Next should be FALSE -- wrong arity > > > understands_words_ideas_objects( tom, now, | [[denounced_word, tom_denounced_idea, denounced], | [cicero_word, tom_cicero_idea]])? *** No > > %% Next should be FALSE -- wrong rrrr relation for tully_word > > > understands_words_ideas_objects( tom, now, | [[denounced_word, tom_denounced_idea, denounced], | [tully_word, tom_cicero_idea, cicero], | [catiline_word, tom_catiline_idea, catiline]])? *** No > > %% Next should be FALSE -- wrong rrrr relation for cicero_word > > > understands_words_ideas_objects( tom, now, | [[denounced_word, tom_denounced_idea, denounced], | [cicero_word, tom_tully_idea, cicero], | [catiline_word, tom_catiline_idea, catiline]])? *** No > > > write_stats(Ignore)? Stats Skipped for Test Suite *** Yes Ignore = @. --1> *** No > halt?